Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism
静脉血栓栓塞 (VTE) can affect men 和 women of all ages, races 和 ethnicities. People at the highest risk include those with cancer, having surgery or anyone with major trauma such as fractures or immobilization. They should ask about getting prevention treatments. Hospitalization for any reason increases the risk, so people in the hospital should ask about VTE prevention.
静脉血栓形成的危险因素
- Major surgery or hospitalizations — Blood clots are likely to form around the surgery site 和 immobility causes the blood to slow 和 potentially clot.
- 心脏疾病，如 心脏病 或充血性 心脏衰竭
- 慢性疾病包括 高血压, 糖尿病 还有肾脏疾病
- Lower-extremity paralysis due to spinal cord injury
- Fracture of the pelvis, hip or long bones
- Infections, such as the virus that causes COVID-19
- 多个创伤
- Cancer — People with cancer are more likely to be hospitalized 和 have surgery which leads to immobility. 胰脏癌, 肺, 卵巢, 胃, lymphoma 和 adenocarcinoma (cancers that start in gl和ular tissues) of unknown origin are associated with the highest incidence of a life-threatening blood clot.
额外的因素
Individually, the factors below are not enough to justify preventive measures for VTE. But a combination of two or more may be cause for action – 和 could influence the type 和 duration of the prevention treatment.
- Prior VTE — People with a previous episode of VTE have a high chance of recurrence.
- Age — People over 40 are at higher risk, 和 that risk doubles with each decade.
- 肥胖 — People with obesity have increased risk of VTE, 权重越高, 风险就越高.
- Immobility — Prolonged immobility, 比如在长途旅行中, combined with other major risk factors increases the likelihood of VTE. The blood is slowed during immobility for long periods 和 high altitude can activate the clotting system.
- Oral contraceptives or estrogen treatment for menopause symptoms may cause the blood to clot more easily than normal. which causes the blood cells to bind more readily.
- Family history of VTE— especially if this is in a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, child)
- 缺乏身体活动
- Acquired or hereditary coagulation disorders
- 吸烟
- Certain nutritional deficiencies (such as folate or vitamin B12 deficiency) can lead to acquired causes of thrombosis.
静脉血栓栓塞与妊娠
Women who are pregnant or have just had a baby are at greater risk of developing a blood clot. The risk is greater in the presence of the following other factors:
- 以前的血凝块
- A genetic predisposition to VTE or a family history of VTE (especially in a first-degree relative like a parent or sibling)
- 肥胖
- Immobilization, such as bed rest 和 long-distance travel
- 多胞胎
- 高龄产妇
- Other medical illness during pregnancy, like cancer, serious infection or toxemia/pre-eclampsia
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